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Tawrat From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007) Part of a series on Islam Beliefs Allah · Oneness of God Muhammad · Prophets of Islam Practices Profession of Faith · Prayer Fasting · Charity · Pilgrimage History · Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Ahl al-Bayt · Sahaba Rashidun Caliphs · Shi'a Imams Texts · Laws Qur'an · Sunnah · Hadith Fiqh · Sharia Kalam · Tasawwuf (Sufism) Major branches Sunni · Shi'a Culture · Society Academics · Animals · Art Calendar · Children · Demographics Festivals · Mosques · Philosophy Politics · Science · Women Islam and other religions Christianity · Hinduism · Jainism Judaism · Sikhism See also Criticism of Islam · Islamophobia Glossary of Islamic terms Islam Portal v • d • e Tawrat (Tawrah or Taurat, Arabic: ?????) is the Arabic transliteration of the Hebrew word Torah (also known as the "Five Books of Moses" or the "Pentateuch") which Muslims believe was a holy book of Islam given by Allah to Musa (Moses). Some theorize that the Tawrat may refer to the entire Tanach or Old Testament. Muslims believe that the Tawrat has undergone tahrif, that is, meanings or words were distorted, passages were suppressed, others added, etc. [edit]Tawra in the Qur'an Actual quotations from the Torah in the Qur'an are very few and inexact. An example is 5:45 where it says: We ordained therein for them: "Life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds equal for equal." (Yusuf-Ali) This could be a quote from Exodus 21:24-25: 'Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe' (KJV) According to 7:157 in both the Indjil and the Tawrat there is written about Muhammed: 'Those who follow the apostle, the unlettered Prophet, whom they find mentioned in their own (scriptures), - in the law and the Gospel' (Yusuf-Ali). Most Muslims point at Deuteronomy 18:18 as a text in the Torah (Tawrat), 'the law', where it says: 'I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.' The Tawrat is also mentioned in 5:110. The Tawrat was known by Jesus. Behold! I taught thee the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel and behold! thou makest out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by My leave, and thou breathest into it and it becometh a bird by My leave, and thou healest those born blind, and the lepers, by My leave. And behold! thou bringest forth the dead by My leave' (Yusuf-Ali) Some quotations are taken from other books of the Hebrew Bible. An example of this is 48:29 where it says: "This is their similitude in the Taurat; and their similitude in the Gospel is: like a seed which sends forth its blade, then makes it strong; it then becomes thick, and it stands on its own stem, (filling) the sowers with wonder and delight" (Yusuf-Ali). This could be a quote from Psalm 1:3, 72:16 or 92:14: Psalm 1:3: 'And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper.' Psalm 72:16 'There shall be an handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon: and they of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth.' Psalm 92:14 'They shall still bring forth fruit in old age; they shall be fat and flourishing;' Or, 48:29 could simply be using an analogy, where the earlier Tawrat/Torah is the "seed", and the later books (the Book of Psalms and the Gospels) are the "blade" that grow from it, becoming stronger, with the Koran being the final book, standing "in its own stem, (filling) the sowers with wonder and delight" - the "sowers" perhaps being the practicers of the religions in question who eventually find (and, presumably, convert to) Islam. Some other quotations are from the Mishna. An example of this is 5:32 where it says 'On that account: We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people'. This could be a quote from Sanhedrin 4:5 These quotes suggest that the word had the wide meaning of the whole corpus of Jewish Scriptures, as Torah in ancient Jewish literature itself [1], but only late Muslim authors differentiate explicitly between "the wider and the specific meaning" of Tawrat. [edit]Tawrat in the Hadith Because he believed the Qur'an replaced it, Muhammad did not teach from the Torah and the Qur'an says very little about it. He did say that Musa (Moses) was one of the few prophets to receive a revelation directly from God, that is, without an intervening angel. On one occasion, some Jews wanted Muhammad to decide how to deal with their brethren who had committed adultery. Abu-Dawud records in Book 38 Number 4434: They placed a cushion for the Apostle of Allah(s.w.t) peace be upon him who sat on it and said: Bring the Torah. It was then brought. He then withdrew the cushion from beneath him and placed the Torah on it saying: I believed in thee and in Him Who revealed thee. He then said: Bring me one who is learned among you. Then a young man was brought. The transmitter then mentioned the rest of the tradition of stoning similar to the one transmitted by Malik from Nafi' (No. 4431). [edit]Semantics There is some ambiguity among English speaking Muslims on the use of Tawrat versus Torah. The Arabic of the Qur'an and hadith have only one word, Tawrat. Torah is natively a Hebrew word. Generally, in English as well, they are used interchangeably. However, some Muslims prefer to reserve Tawrat to refer only to the original revelation of Allah to Musa which was later supposedly corrupted. They use Torah to refer to the current, supposedly corrupted text. There is also ambiguity as to whether the Qur'an uses Tawrat only referring to the five books of Moses, the entire Tanach, or both. Torah in Hebrew can refer to either. This comes because the Qur'an often lists the holy books as the Tawrat, Injil, and Qur'an, discluding the Zabur (the Psalms), possibly because the Psalms are part of the Tanach. Moreover, a Muslim scholar seemed to reference Isaiah (a book of the Tanach), saying it was from the Tawrat. [1] This meaning is uncommon as most Muslims think it only refers to the five books of Moses. [edit]See also Islam Islamic Holy Books Suhuf-i-Ibrahim Torah Injil Zabur [edit]References ^ Tawrat, Zabur, & Injil [edit]External links A discussion of the Tawrat and some other scriptures Does Quran confirm the Jewish Scripts? Study Regarding the Tawrat ^ Bacher, Exegetische Terminologie, i, 197 ff. Categories: Jewish texts | Islamic texts article discussion edit this page history This page was last modified on 9 June 2008, at 21:58. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) 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 Chumash (Judaism) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) Part of a series on Judaism Portal | Category Jews · Judaism · Denominations Orthodox · Conservative · Reform Haredi · Hasidic · Modern Orthodox Reconstructionist · Renewal · Rabbinic Humanistic · Karaite · Samaritanism Jewish philosophy Principles of faith · Minyan · Kabbalah Noahide laws · God · Eschatology · Messiah Chosenness · Holocaust · Halakha · Kashrut Modesty · Tzedakah · Ethics · Mussar Religious texts Torah · Tanakh · Talmud · Midrash · Tosefta Rabbinic works · Kuzari · Mishneh Torah Tur · Shulchan Aruch · Mishnah Berurah ?umash · Siddur · Piyutim · Zohar Holy cities Jerusalem · Safed · Hebron · Tiberias Important figures Abraham · Sarah · Isaac · Rebecca · Jacob/Israel · Rachel · Leah · Twelve Tribes · Moses Deborah · Ruth · Solomon · David Hillel · Shammai · Rabbi Akiva · Judah the Prince Rav · Saadia Gaon · Rif · Rashi · Tosafists Maimonides · Nahmanides · Yosef Karo Jewish life cycle Brit · Bar/Bat Mitzvah · Shidduch · Marriage Niddah · Naming · Pidyon HaBen · Bereavement Religious roles Rabbi · Rebbe · Hazzan Kohen/Priest · Mashgiach · Gabbai · Maggid Mohel · Beth din · Rosh yeshiva Religious Kehilla & institutions Synagogue · Mikvah · Gemach Religious buildings Synagogue · Mikvah · Holy Temple / Tabernacle Religious articles Tallit · Tefillin · Kipa · Sefer Torah Tzitzit · Mezuzah · Menorah · Hanukiah · Shofar 4 Species · Kittel · Gartel · Yad Jewish prayers and services Shema · Amidah · Aleinu · Kol Nidre Kaddish · Hallel · Ma Tovu · Havdalah Judaism & other religions Christianity · Islam · "Judeo-Christian" · Others Abrahamic faiths · Judeo-Paganism · Pluralism Related topics Antisemitism · Criticism Philo-Semitism · Slavery · Yeshiva · Zionism v • d • e The Artscroll Chumash Chumash (IPA: [xu'm??]) (Hebrew: ????; also Humash) is one of the Hebrew names for the Five Books of Moses, also known as the Pentateuch or Torah. The word comes from the Hebrew word for five, chamesh. A more formal term is "Chamishah Chumshei Torah." [edit]Origin of the term The word "Chumash" may be a misreading of chomesh, meaning "one-fifth", alluding to any one of the five books: as the Hebrew ???? has no vowel signs, it could be read either way. It could also be regarded as a back-formed singular of chumashim/chumshei (which is in fact the plural of chomesh). In early scribal practice there was a distinction between a Sefer Torah, containing the entire Pentateuch on a parchment scroll, and a copy of one of the five books on its own, which was generally bound in codex form, like a modern book, and had a lesser degree of sanctity. The term chomesh strictly applies to one of these. Thus, Chomesh Bereshit strictly means "the Genesis fifth", but was misread as Chumash, Bereshit and interpreted as meaning "The Pentateuch: Genesis", as if "Chumash" were the parent directory of which "Bereshit" was a subfolder.[1] In the legal codes, such as Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, it is laid down that any copy of the Pentateuch which does not comply with the strict rules for a Sefer Torah, for example because it is not a parchment scroll or contains vowel signs, has only the same sanctity as a copy of an individual book (chomesh). In this way, the word chomesh (or chumash) came to have the extended sense of any copy of the Pentateuch other than a Sefer Torah. [edit]Usage The word chumash generally only refers to "book" bound editions of the Pentateuch, whereas the "scroll" form is called a Sefer Torah ("book [of the] Torah"). In modern Jewish practice: A printed Chumash usually sets out the Hebrew text of the Torah with vowel points and cantillation marks, separated into its 54 constituent parshiyot (weekly reading portions), together with the haftarah for each parsha and, often, translations and notes. A Chumash-Rashi also contains the Targum of Onkelos and the commentary of Rashi; there is often no vernacular translation included. A multi-volume set in Hebrew only, including the entire Tanakh with masoretic notes, Targumim and several classical commentaries, is referred to as Mikraot Gedolot. [edit]Various Publications see also Jewish English Bible translations Gutnik Chumash with commentary from the Lubavitcher Rebbe Hertz Chumash, containing the commentary of former British Chief Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz Stone Edition (Published by Artscroll/Mesorah Publishers: ISBN 0-89906-014-5) (Referred to as The ArtScroll Chumash) Soncino Chumash, ed. A. Cohen, containing notes summarizing the traditional commentaries Torah and the Haftarot, translation by Philip Birnbaum (Hebrew Publishing Company, 1983. ISBN 0884844560) Etz Hayim Humash (Published by the Jewish Publication Society of America ISBN 0-8276-0712-1): associated with Conservative movement The Torah: A Modern Commentary Revised Edition. W. Gunther Plaut, ed. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006: associated with American Reform movement [edit]References ^ Cf. the misunderstanding of "Tur" to mean the entirety of the Arba'ah Turim. [edit]See also Pentateuch Torah Sefer Torah [hide] v • d • e Jews and Judaism Denominations Schisms · Intra-Jewish relations · Orthodox · (Haredi · Hasidic · Modern Orthodox) · Conservative · Reform · Reconstructionist · Jewish Renewal · Rabbinic · Karaite · Samaritan · Humanistic Philosophy Principles of faith · Chosen people · Eschatology · Ethics · Halakha · Holocaust theology · Kabbalah · Kashrut · Messianism · Minyan · Mussar Movement · Names of God · Seven Laws of Noah · Tzedakah · Tzniut Religious texts Tanakh (Torah · Nevi'im · Ketuvim) · Arba'ah Turim · Chumash · Kuzari · Midrash · Mishnah Berurah · Mishneh Torah · Piyyut · Rabbinic works · Shulchan Aruch · Siddur · Talmud · Tosefta · Zohar Jewish leadership Abraham · Isaac · Jacob · Sarah · Rebecca · Rachel · Leah · Moses · Deborah · Ruth · David · Solomon · Elijah · Hillel · Shammai · Judah haNasi · Saadia Gaon · Rashi · Isaac Alfasi · Abraham ibn Ezra · Tosafists · Rambam · Nahmanides · Asher ben Jehiel · Gersonides · Joseph Albo · Yosef Karo · Baal Shem Tov · Shneur Zalman of Liadi · Vilna Gaon · Leopold Zunz · Israel Jacobson · Abraham Geiger · Ben Ish Chai · Avrohom Mordechai Alter · Ovadia Yosef · Moshe Feinstein · Elazar Shach · Menachem Schneerson Life and culture Who is a Jew? · Bar Mitzvah / Bat Mitzvah · Bereavement · Brit milah · Etymology of the word Jew · Marriage · Niddah · Pidyon HaBen · Secular Jewish culture · Shidduch · Zeved habat Roles and places Four Holy Cities (Jerusalem · Safed · Hebron · Tiberias) · Beth din · Gabbai · Hazzan · Kohen · Maggid · Mashgiach · Mikvah · Mohel · Rabbi · Rebbe · Rosh yeshiva · Synagogue · Temple · Tabernacle · Western Wall Religious articles Aleinu · Amidah · Four Species · Gartel · Hallel · Havdalah · Kaddish · Kittel · Kol Nidre · Ma Tovu · Menorah (Hanukiah) · Mezuzah · Prayer · Sefer Torah · Services · Shema Yisrael · Shofar · Tallit · Tefillin · Tzitzit · Yad · Yarmulke Other religions Jewish views of religious pluralism · Abrahamic religions · Christianity (Catholicism · Christian-Jewish reconciliation · Judeo-Christian · Mormonism) · Islam · Jewish Buddhist · Judeo-Paganism · Others Languages Hebrew · Judeo-Arabic · Judeo-Aramaic · Judeo-Persian · Ladino · Yiddish History Ancient · Temple in Jerusalem · Babylonian captivity · Jerusalem (Significance · Timeline) · Hasmonean · Herod · Sanhedrin · Pharisees Saducees · Essenes · First Jewish-Roman War · Bar Kokhba revolt · Diaspora · Middle Ages · Muslim rule · Sabbateans · Haskalah · Emancipation · The Holocaust · Aliyah · Israel (History) · Arab-Israeli and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts · Land of Israel · Baal teshuva movement · History of the Jews in Jamaica Politics Zionism (General · Labor · Religious · Revisionist) · Political movements (Jewish left · Jewish right · Jewish anarchism) · General Jewish Labor Union · World Agudath Israel · Feminism · Politics of Israel Antisemitism History · Persecution · New · Racial · Religious · Secondary Categories: Jewish texts | Hebrew words and phrases | Hebrew Bible topics | Torah article discussion edit this page history This page was last modified on 26 May 2008, at 02:42. 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